Principal noncognitive skills at the beginning of kindergarten, as reported by parents, under fully adjusted models

  Self-control Approaches to learning Social interactions
  M3R/M3S M3R/M3S M3R/M3S
Black 0.174***
(0.051)		 0.009
(0.048)		 0.002
(0.049)
Hispanic ELL -0.066
(0.092)		 -0.172**
(0.084)		 -0.212**
(0.092)
Hispanic English -0.029
(0.045)		 0.057
(0.039)		 -0.007
(0.041)
Asian -0.022
(0.074)		 -0.154***
(0.059)		 -0.255***
(0.071)
Other 0.062
(0.049)		 0.025
(0.044)		 -0.027
(0.050)
Low-middle SES 0.068
(0.048)		 0.151***
(0.040)		 0.163***
(0.041)
Middle SES 0.175***
(0.050)		 0.175***
(0.043)		 0.184***
(0.044)
High-middle SES 0.192***
(0.051)		 0.259***
(0.044)		 0.177***
(0.045)
High SES 0.258***
(0.052)		 0.302***
(0.046)		 0.186***
(0.047)
Girl 0.092***
(0.022)		 0.176***
(0.020)		 0.123***
(0.021)
Age of student 0.004
(0.003)		 0.006**
(0.003)		 0.002
(0.003)
Has a disability -0.270***
(0.031)		 -0.271***
(0.027)		 -0.275***
(0.029)
Language at home is not English 0.122
(0.075)		 -0.043
(0.068)		 -0.139*
(0.077)
Not living with two parents -0.087***
(0.031)		 -0.036
(0.027)		 0.030
(0.028)
Number of siblings -0.058***
(0.013)		 -0.010
(0.011)		 -0.017*
(0.010)
Immigrant -0.029
(0.038)		 -0.007
(0.035)		 -0.077**
(0.037)
Center-based pre-K -0.029
(0.024)		 0.028
(0.022)		 0.060***
(0.023)
Enrichment activities with parents 0.241***
(0.022)		 0.548***
(0.020)		 0.280***
(0.021)
Constant -0.320
(0.199)		 -0.561***
(0.176)		 -0.189
(0.194)
Observations 10,240 10,260 10,260
Adj.R2 0.0682 0.186 0.112

Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. ELL stands for English-language learner. English refers to English-language speaker. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A.

Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)

View the underlying data on epi.org.