Principal noncognitive skills at the beginning of kindergarten, as reported by teachers, under fully adjusted models
| Self-control | Approaches to learning | Internalizing problems | Externalizing problems | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M3R/M3S | M3R/M3S | M3R/M3S | M3R/M3S | |
| Black | -0.194*** (0.052) |
-0.185*** (0.049) |
-0.043 (0.058) |
0.160*** (0.052) |
| Hispanic ELL | 0.075 (0.088) |
0.051 (0.086) |
-0.052 (0.086) |
-0.040 (0.087) |
| Hispanic English | 0.005 (0.042) |
-0.038 (0.039) |
0.007 (0.046) |
-0.043 (0.043) |
| Asian | -0.010 (0.066) |
0.079 (0.062) |
-0.090 (0.065) |
-0.031 (0.065) |
| Other | -0.052 (0.056) |
-0.049 (0.051) |
-0.003 (0.058) |
0.051 (0.058) |
| Low-middle SES | 0.073 (0.045) |
0.132*** (0.040) |
-0.043 (0.045) |
0.016 (0.046) |
| Middle SES | 0.162*** (0.047) |
0.230*** (0.043) |
-0.110** (0.046) |
-0.066 (0.050) |
| High-middle SES | 0.286*** (0.048) |
0.432*** (0.043) |
-0.151*** (0.048) |
-0.150*** (0.049) |
| High SES | 0.311*** (0.050) |
0.507*** (0.045) |
-0.163*** (0.050) |
-0.191*** (0.051) |
| Girl | 0.325*** (0.023) |
0.414*** (0.021) |
-0.045** (0.023) |
-0.386*** (0.022) |
| Age of student | 0.011*** (0.003) |
0.028*** (0.003) |
-0.003 (0.003) |
-0.005 (0.003) |
| Has a disability | -0.270*** (0.031) |
-0.342*** (0.029) |
0.289*** (0.032) |
0.274*** (0.032) |
| Language at home is not English | -0.034 (0.072) |
0.033 (0.069) |
-0.066 (0.068) |
-0.012 (0.068) |
| Not living with two parents | -0.221*** (0.030) |
-0.233*** (0.029) |
0.144*** (0.032) |
0.255*** (0.032) |
| Number of siblings | 0.046*** (0.011) |
0.009 (0.010) |
0.016 (0.012) |
-0.050*** (0.011) |
| Immigrant | 0.036 (0.040) |
0.011 (0.036) |
0.010 (0.038) |
-0.048 (0.039) |
| Center-based pre-K | -0.062*** (0.024) |
-0.006 (0.022) |
-0.047* (0.025) |
0.098*** (0.024) |
| Enrichment activities with parents | 0.084*** (0.022) |
0.104*** (0.020) |
-0.020 (0.023) |
-0.075*** (0.023) |
| Constant | -0.949*** (0.199) |
-2.237*** (0.192) |
0.211 (0.218) |
0.466** (0.214) |
| Observations | 8,910 | 9,690 | 9,360 | 9,440 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.176 | 0.202 | 0.103 | 0.147 |
Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. ELL stands for English-language learner. English refers to English-language speaker. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)