Reading and math achievement at the beginning of kindergarten, under fully adjusted models
| Reading | Math | |
|---|---|---|
| M3R/M3S | M3R/M3S | |
| Black | -0.069* (0.042) |
-0.236*** (0.039) |
| Hispanic ELL | -0.200*** (0.074) |
-0.256*** (0.070) |
| Hispanic English | -0.083** (0.034) |
-0.155*** (0.033) |
| Asian | 0.373*** (0.062) |
0.267*** (0.059) |
| Other | 0.060 (0.044) |
0.006 (0.043) |
| Low-middle SES | 0.167*** (0.032) |
0.153*** (0.032) |
| Middle SES | 0.345*** (0.034) |
0.372*** (0.035) |
| High-middle SES | 0.555*** (0.036) |
0.539*** (0.037) |
| High SES | 0.784*** (0.039) |
0.761*** (0.038) |
| Girl | 0.069*** (0.019) |
-0.075*** (0.018) |
| Age of student | 0.039*** (0.002) |
0.052*** (0.002) |
| Has a disability | -0.243*** (0.025) |
-0.283*** (0.025) |
| Language at home is not English | -0.122* (0.064) |
-0.102* (0.060) |
| Not living with two parents | -0.141*** (0.023) |
-0.117*** (0.024) |
| Number of siblings | -0.080*** (0.008) |
-0.051*** (0.008) |
| Immigrant | -0.016 (0.032) |
-0.030 (0.031) |
| Center-based pre-K | 0.108*** (0.020) |
0.069*** (0.019) |
| Enrichment activities with parents | 0.144*** (0.017) |
0.094*** (0.017) |
| Constant | -2.850*** (0.164) |
-3.595*** (0.171) |
| Observations | 10,240 | 10,220 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.339 | 0.362 |
Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. ELL stands for English-language learner. English refers to English-language speaker. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)