Share of wage and hour violations and share of employment by commodity and farm labor contractors in California, fiscal years 2005–2019
| North American Industry Classification System code | Violations | Share of violations | Average QCEW employment (2019) | Share of employment | Share of employment with violations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1111 Grain Crops | 13 | 0.03% | 2,954 | 0.70% | 5% |
| 1112 Veg and Melon Crops | 3,721 | 9.46% | 30,305 | 7.15% | 132% |
| 1113 Fruit and Nut Crops | 10,451 | 26.58% | 93,178 | 21.98% | 121% |
| 1114 Nursery Crops | 646 | 1.64% | 26,954 | 6.36% | 26% |
| 1119 Other Crops | 2,016 | 5.13% | 9,511 | 2.24% | 229% |
| 1121 Cattle/Dairy | 11 | 0.03% | 22,362 | 5.27% | 1% |
| 1122 Hogs and Pigs | 0 | 0.00% | 142 | 0.03% | 0% |
| 1123 Poultry and Eggs | 13 | 0.03% | 2,561 | 0.60% | 5% |
| 1124 Sheep and Goats | 83 | 0.21% | 369 | 0.09% | 243% |
| 1125 Aquaculture | 21 | 0.05% | 484 | 0.11% | 47% |
| 1129 Other Animal | 413 | 1.05% | 2,301 | 0.54% | 194% |
| 1131 Timber Tract | 185 | 0.47% | 26 | 0.01% | 7671% |
| 1132 Forest Nursery | 173 | 0.44% | 222 | 0.05% | 840% |
| 1133 Logging | 15 | 0.04% | 1,983 | 0.47% | 8% |
| 1141 Fishing | 0 | 0.00% | 411 | 0.10% | 0% |
| 1142 Hunting and Trapping | 0 | 0.00% | 57 | 0.01% | 0% |
| 1151 Crop Support | 19,797 | 50.35% | 225,097 | 53.10% | 95% |
| 1152 Animal Support | 244 | 0.62% | 2,987 | 0.70% | 88% |
| 1153 Forestry Support | 1,520 | 3.87% | 2,031 | 0.48% | 807% |
| Total | 39,322 | 100.00% | 423,935 | 100.00% | 100% |
| 115115 Farm Labor Contactors | 18,691 | 47.53% | 150,648 | 35.54% | 134% |
Note: This table compares the share of Wage and Hour Division violations found in a 4-digit NAICS between fiscal year 2005 and 2019 with the share of average agricultural employment in that 4-digit NAICS in 2019. A ratio that exceeds 100 percent means that the commodity or NAICS category has a higher share of violations than its share of agricultural employment.
Source: Authors' analysis of U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Compliance Action Data (U.S. DOL-WHD 2020f) and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages data for North American Industry Classification System code 11, agriculture, in 2018 (BLS-QCEW 2020a).