Share of wage and hour violations and share of employment by commodity and farm labor contractors, fiscal years 2005–2019
| North American Industry Classification System code | Violations | Share of violations | Average QCEW employment (2019) | Share of employment | Share of employment with violations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1111 Grain Crops | 3,572 | 1.3% | 54,657 | 4.3% | 31% |
| 1112 Veg and Melon Crops | 40,046 | 14.9% | 89,582 | 7.1% | 210% |
| 1113 Fruit and Nut Crops | 54,465 | 20.2% | 176,405 | 14.0% | 145% |
| 1114 Nursery Crops | 15,094 | 5.6% | 161,272 | 12.8% | 44% |
| 1119 Other Crops | 23,713 | 8.8% | 64,634 | 5.1% | 172% |
| 1121 Cattle & Dairy | 1,954 | 0.7% | 159,234 | 12.6% | 6% |
| 1122 Hogs and Pigs | 948 | 0.4% | 31,004 | 2.5% | 14% |
| 1123 Poultry and Eggs | 27,361 | 10.2% | 45,994 | 3.6% | 279% |
| 1124 Sheep and Goats | 2,540 | 0.9% | 1,522 | 0.1% | 784% |
| 1125 Aquaculture | 1,165 | 0.4% | 7,071 | 0.6% | 77% |
| 1129 Other Animal | 2,464 | 0.9% | 20,259 | 1.6% | 57% |
| 1131 Timber Tract | 1,077 | 0.4% | 2,967 | 0.2% | 170% |
| 1132 Forest Nursery | 1,870 | 0.7% | 2,052 | 0.2% | 428% |
| 1133 Logging | 2,522 | 0.9% | 48,257 | 3.8% | 25% |
| 1141 Fishing | 311 | 0.1% | 6,665 | 0.5% | 22% |
| 1142 Hunting and Trapping | 146 | 0.1% | 1,908 | 0.2% | 36% |
| 1151 Crop Support | 80,169 | 29.8% | 342,323 | 27.1% | 110% |
| 1152 Animal Support | 924 | 0.3% | 30,622 | 2.4% | 14% |
| 1153 Forestry Support | 8,796 | 3.3% | 17,277 | 1.4% | 239% |
| Total | 269,137 | 100.0% | 1,263,705 | 100.0% | 100% |
| 115115 Farm Labor Contactors | 65,135 | 24.2% | 181,322 | 14.3% | 169% |
Note: This table compares the share of Wage and Hour Division violations found in a 4-digit NAICS between fiscal year 2005 and 2019 with the share of average agricultural employment in that 4-digit NAICS in 2019. A ratio that exceeds 100 percent means that the commodity or NAICS category has a higher share of violations than its share of agricultural employment. For example, the share of violations found in sheep and goats was almost eight times the sheep and goat share of employment.
Source: Authors' analysis of U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Compliance Action Data (U.S. DOL-WHD 2020f) and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages data for North American Industry Classification System code 11, agriculture, in 2018 (BLS-QCEW 2020a).