Trump's deportations will reduce employment in every state: Overall and construction employment losses for 4 million national deportations over four years, by state

 

State Total job loss  U.S.-born job loss Immigrant job loss Overall Total job loss  U.S.-born job loss Immigrant job loss Construction
Alabama 35,000 (1.6%) 15,000 20,000 1.6% 17,000 (9.9%) 7,000 11,000 9.9%
Alaska 4,000 (1.2%) 2,000 2,000 1.2%
Arizona 141,000 (3.9%) 62,000 80,000 3.9% 60,000 (21.8%) 23,000 37,000 21.8%
Arkansas 24,000 (1.8%) 11,000 14,000 1.8% 14,000 (12.6%) 5,000 9,000 12.6%
California 1,141,000 (6.2%) 498,000 643,000 6.2% 343,000 (25.5%) 130,000 212,000 25.5%
Colorado 83,000 (2.7%) 36,000 47,000 2.7% 67,000 (22.8%) 25,000 41,000 22.8%
Connecticut 61,000 (3.3%) 26,000 34,000 3.3% 20,000 (15.5%) 7,000 12,000 15.5%
Delaware 16,000 (3.4%) 7,000 9,000 3.4% 5,000 (16.5%) 2,000 3,000 16.5%
Washington D.C. 11,000 (2.9%) 5,000 6,000 2.9%
Florida 543,000 (5.1%) 237,000 306,000 5.1% 198,000 (20.6%) 75,000 123,000 20.6%
Georgia 184,000 (3.5%) 80,000 104,000 3.5% 93,000 (24.2%) 35,000 58,000 24.2%
Hawaii 21,000 (3.2%) 9,000 12,000 3.2%
Idaho 21,000 (2.1%) 9,000 12,000 2.1% 8,000 (9.2%) 3,000 5,000 9.2%
Illinois 219,000 (3.5%) 96,000 123,000 3.5% 56,000 (17.7%) 21,000 35,000 17.7%
Indiana 73,000 (2.2%) 32,000 41,000 2.2% 24,000 (10.0%) 9,000 15,000 10.0%
Iowa 39,000 (2.4%) 17,000 22,000 2.4% 17,000 (13.5%) 6,000 10,000 13.5%
Kansas 36,000 (2.4%) 16,000 20,000 2.4% 15,000 (15.0%) 6,000 9,000 15.0%
Kentucky 52,000 (2.6%) 23,000 29,000 2.6% 16,000 (12.0%) 6,000 10,000 12.0%
Louisiana 39,000 (2.0%) 17,000 22,000 2.0% 27,000 (17.1%) 10,000 17,000 17.1%
Maine 5,000 (0.7%) 2,000 3,000 0.7%
Maryland 115,000 (3.7%) 50,000 65,000 3.7% 45,000 (18.6%) 17,000 28,000 18.6%
Massachusetts 148,000 (4.0%) 65,000 84,000 4.0% 44,000 (16.5%) 17,000 27,000 16.5%
Michigan 78,000 (1.6%) 34,000 44,000 1.6% 15,000 (5.3%) 6,000 10,000 5.3%
Minnesota 69,000 (2.3%) 30,000 39,000 2.3% 20,000 (9.7%) 7,000 12,000 9.7%
Mississippi 11,000 (0.9%) 5,000 6,000 0.9% 8,000 (8.3%) 3,000 5,000 8.3%
Missouri 33,000 (1.1%) 14,000 19,000 1.1% 9,000 (4.1%) 3,000 5,000 4.1%
Montana 3,000 (0.5%) 1,000 2,000 0.5%
Nebraska 26,000 (2.6%) 12,000 15,000 2.6% 7,000 (9.8%) 3,000 4,000 9.8%
Nevada 72,000 (4.7%) 32,000 41,000 4.7% 31,000 (26.3%) 12,000 19,000 26.3%
New Hampshire 8,000 (1.1%) 4,000 5,000 1.1%
New Jersey 234,000 (5.1%) 102,000 132,000 5.1% 67,000 (23.8%) 26,000 42,000 23.8%
New Mexico 28,000 (3.0%) 12,000 16,000 3.0% 13,000 (19.2%) 5,000 8,000 19.2%
New York 429,000 (4.6%) 187,000 241,000 4.6% 148,000 (24.5%) 56,000 92,000 24.5%
North Carolina 188,000 (3.7%) 82,000 106,000 3.7% 123,000 (25.5%) 47,000 76,000 25.5%
North Dakota 6,000 (1.4%) 2,000 3,000 1.4%
Ohio 84,000 (1.5%) 37,000 47,000 1.5% 22,000 (7.0%) 8,000 14,000 7.0%
Oklahoma 43,000 (2.2%) 19,000 24,000 2.2% 29,000 (19.2%) 11,000 18,000 19.2%
Oregon 48,000 (2.3%) 21,000 27,000 2.3% 15,000 (10.8%) 6,000 9,000 10.8%
Pennsylvania 115,000 (1.8%) 50,000 65,000 1.8% 20,000 (4.9%) 8,000 13,000 4.9%
Rhode Island 20,000 (3.6%) 9,000 11,000 3.6% 5,000 (15.6%) 2,000 3,000 15.6%
South Carolina 62,000 (2.5%) 27,000 35,000 2.5% 37,000 (19.0%) 14,000 23,000 19.0%
South Dakota 6,000 (1.2%) 2,000 3,000 1.2%
Tennessee 68,000 (2.1%) 30,000 38,000 2.1% 55,000 (18.8%) 21,000 34,000 18.8%
Texas 865,000 (5.8%) 378,000 487,000 5.8% 440,000 (32.1%) 167,000 273,000 32.1%
Utah 51,000 (2.9%) 22,000 29,000 2.9% 22,000 (14.6%) 8,000 14,000 14.6%
Vermont 3,000 (0.9%) 1,000 2,000 0.9%
Virginia 120,000 (2.7%) 52,000 68,000 2.7% 57,000 (20.3%) 22,000 35,000 20.3%
Washington 152,000 (4.0%) 66,000 86,000 4.0% 31,000 (11.9%) 12,000 19,000 11.9%
West Virginia 4,000 (0.6%) 2,000 2,000 0.6%
Wisconsin 47,000 (1.5%) 20,000 26,000 1.5% 10,000 (4.8%) 4,000 6,000 4.8%
Wyoming 2,000 (0.8%) 1,000 1,000 0.8%
Economic Policy Institute

Note: Calculations assume 1,000,000 deportations annually for four years. N/A values indicate construction employment is too small in a state to create accurate estimates.

Source: Extrapolations from East et al. (2023) and Howard, Wang, and Zhang (2024), as described in the text. Baseline employment levels from EPI (2025) analysis of the 2024 basic monthly Current Population Survey.

View the underlying data on epi.org.