Deportations will cause widespread direct care job losses: State-level job losses after 4 million deportations
| State | Immigrant | U.S.-born | Total (level) | Total (percent) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York | 98,000 | 43,000 | 141,000 | 45% |
| California | 37,000 | 16,000 | 53,000 | 20% |
| Texas | 27,000 | 12,000 | 39,000 | 22% |
| Florida | 17,000 | 7,000 | 24,000 | 21% |
| Massachusetts | 13,000 | 6,000 | 18,000 | 38% |
| Washington | 13,000 | 6,000 | 19,000 | 36% |
| Illinois | 9,000 | 4,000 | 12,000 | 14% |
| Pennsylvania | 8,000 | 4,000 | 12,000 | 8% |
| New Jersey | 6,000 | 2,000 | 8,000 | 12% |
| Minnesota | 5,000 | 2,000 | 7,000 | 12% |
| Hawaii | 4,000 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 53% |
| Virginia | 4,000 | 2,000 | 6,000 | 10% |
Notes: Job losses after four years of one million annual deportations, following Zipperer (2025). State estimates assume national deportations are distributed by the noncitizen share of national direct care employment.
Source: Author's analysis of Kreider and Warner (2025).