Summary of impact of increasing the minimum wage to $15 by 2025 (in 2025), by state
| State | Total estimated state workforce (thousands) | Directly affected (thousands) | Share of state workforce directly affected | Indirectly affected (thousands) | Share of state workforce indirectly affected | Total affected (thousands) | Total share of state workforce affected | State’s share of total affected nationally | Change in total annual wages of state’s affected workers (2021$, thousands) | Change in avg. annual earnings of state’s affected year-round workers (2021$) | Real percent change in avg. annual earnings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. total | 151,716 | 22,055 | 14.5% | 10,126 | 6.7% | 32,181 | 21.2% | 100.0% | $108,412,570 | $3,369 | 14.5% |
| Alabama | 2,030 | 532 | 26.2% | 166 | 8.2% | 698 | 34.4% | 2.2% | $3,194,115 | $4,576 | 20.8% |
| Alaska | 347 | 57 | 16.5% | 28 | 8.2% | 86 | 24.7% | 0.3% | $230,932 | $2,698 | 10.5% |
| Arizona | 3,089 | 523 | 16.9% | 314 | 10.2% | 837 | 27.1% | 2.6% | $1,358,784 | $1,624 | 6.5% |
| Arkansas | 1,257 | 323 | 25.7% | 116 | 9.2% | 440 | 35.0% | 1.4% | $1,203,226 | $2,737 | 11.2% |
| California | 19,142 | 5 | 0.0% | 4 | 0.0% | 9 | 0.0% | 0.0% | * | * | * |
| Colorado | 2,748 | 305 | 11.1% | 247 | 9.0% | 551 | 20.1% | 1.7% | $839,531 | $1,523 | 6.1% |
| Connecticut | 1,777 | 21 | 1.2% | 26 | 1.5% | 47 | 2.6% | 0.1% | $295,911 | $6,292 | 25.0% |
| Delaware | 443 | 86 | 19.4% | 35 | 7.9% | 121 | 27.3% | 0.4% | $452,452 | $3,740 | 16.8% |
| District of Columbia | 373 | 3 | 0.9% | 7 | 1.9% | 10 | 2.8% | 0.0% | * | * | * |
| Florida | 9,128 | 2,019 | 22.1% | 991 | 10.9% | 3,010 | 33.0% | 9.4% | $3,632,684 | $1,207 | 4.6% |
| Georgia | 4,654 | 1,081 | 23.2% | 425 | 9.1% | 1,506 | 32.4% | 4.7% | $6,209,718 | $4,124 | 18.1% |
| Hawaii | 723 | 124 | 17.2% | 68 | 9.4% | 192 | 26.6% | 0.6% | $445,260 | $2,318 | 9.4% |
| Idaho | 731 | 186 | 25.4% | 67 | 9.1% | 252 | 34.5% | 0.8% | $999,938 | $3,963 | 17.6% |
| Illinois | 6,171 | 56 | 0.9% | 146 | 2.4% | 202 | 3.3% | 0.6% | $653,826 | $3,230 | 11.3% |
| Indiana | 3,066 | 604 | 19.7% | 288 | 9.4% | 892 | 29.1% | 2.8% | $3,180,939 | $3,566 | 16.1% |
| Iowa | 1,534 | 357 | 23.3% | 106 | 6.9% | 463 | 30.2% | 1.4% | $1,662,600 | $3,591 | 16.9% |
| Kansas | 1,387 | 316 | 22.8% | 136 | 9.8% | 452 | 32.6% | 1.4% | $1,658,089 | $3,670 | 16.5% |
| Kentucky | 1,883 | 493 | 26.2% | 158 | 8.4% | 651 | 34.5% | 2.0% | $2,720,808 | $4,182 | 19.3% |
| Louisiana | 1,986 | 539 | 27.1% | 156 | 7.9% | 695 | 35.0% | 2.2% | $3,355,384 | $4,826 | 21.1% |
| Maine | 621 | 85 | 13.7% | 63 | 10.2% | 148 | 23.8% | 0.5% | $253,583 | $1,713 | 7.4% |
| Maryland | 3,048 | 55 | 1.8% | 46 | 1.5% | 101 | 3.3% | 0.3% | $856,171 | $8,477 | 32.9% |
| Massachusetts | 3,507 | 23 | 0.7% | 85 | 2.4% | 108 | 3.1% | 0.3% | $505,330 | $4,675 | 15.7% |
| Michigan | 4,441 | 881 | 19.8% | 358 | 8.1% | 1,239 | 27.9% | 3.9% | $3,953,582 | $3,191 | 14.6% |
| Minnesota | 2,802 | 247 | 8.8% | 136 | 4.9% | 384 | 13.7% | 1.2% | $772,978 | $2,015 | 9.9% |
| Mississippi | 1,207 | 369 | 30.6% | 115 | 9.6% | 485 | 40.1% | 1.5% | $2,329,863 | $4,808 | 21.0% |
| Missouri | 2,780 | 597 | 21.5% | 235 | 8.5% | 832 | 29.9% | 2.6% | $2,068,545 | $2,485 | 10.8% |
| Montana | 467 | 108 | 23.0% | 47 | 10.1% | 155 | 33.2% | 0.5% | $436,270 | $2,818 | 13.0% |
| Nebraska | 956 | 195 | 20.4% | 92 | 9.6% | 287 | 30.0% | 0.9% | $864,026 | $3,007 | 13.2% |
| Nevada | 1,413 | 297 | 21.0% | 198 | 14.0% | 495 | 35.0% | 1.5% | $968,993 | $1,959 | 7.2% |
| New Hampshire | 689 | 101 | 14.7% | 52 | 7.5% | 153 | 22.2% | 0.5% | $492,639 | $3,223 | 15.9% |
| New Jersey | 4,407 | 33 | 0.8% | 111 | 2.5% | 144 | 3.3% | 0.4% | $828,562 | $5,761 | 19.8% |
| New Mexico | 931 | 262 | 28.2% | 80 | 8.6% | 342 | 36.7% | 1.1% | $1,035,801 | $3,028 | 12.9% |
| New York | 9,437 | 452 | 4.8% | 531 | 5.6% | 983 | 10.4% | 3.1% | $1,575,765 | $1,603 | 6.3% |
| North Carolina | 4,572 | 1,073 | 23.5% | 437 | 9.6% | 1,509 | 33.0% | 4.7% | $6,233,002 | $4,129 | 18.2% |
| North Dakota | 380 | 64 | 16.7% | 32 | 8.3% | 95 | 25.0% | 0.3% | $301,682 | $3,169 | 14.5% |
| Ohio | 5,367 | 1,199 | 22.3% | 446 | 8.3% | 1,645 | 30.7% | 5.1% | $5,805,013 | $3,529 | 16.3% |
| Oklahoma | 1,731 | 471 | 27.2% | 136 | 7.8% | 606 | 35.0% | 1.9% | $2,820,891 | $4,652 | 20.8% |
| Oregon | 1,864 | 128 | 6.9% | 112 | 6.0% | 241 | 12.9% | 0.7% | $182,946 | $762 | 3.1% |
| Pennsylvania | 5,965 | 1,286 | 21.6% | 474 | 8.0% | 1,760 | 29.5% | 5.5% | $7,038,503 | $3,999 | 18.9% |
| Rhode Island | 519 | 75 | 14.5% | 37 | 7.2% | 112 | 21.6% | 0.3% | $328,087 | $2,921 | 13.3% |
| South Carolina | 2,175 | 541 | 24.9% | 189 | 8.7% | 730 | 33.6% | 2.3% | $3,335,883 | $4,569 | 20.5% |
| South Dakota | 418 | 89 | 21.4% | 41 | 9.7% | 130 | 31.1% | 0.4% | $402,426 | $3,094 | 13.6% |
| Tennessee | 2,979 | 630 | 21.2% | 272 | 9.1% | 902 | 30.3% | 2.8% | $3,640,497 | $4,035 | 17.9% |
| Texas | 13,509 | 3,351 | 24.8% | 1,113 | 8.2% | 4,464 | 33.0% | 13.9% | $20,562,056 | $4,606 | 19.9% |
| Utah | 1,402 | 325 | 23.2% | 117 | 8.4% | 442 | 31.6% | 1.4% | $1,395,606 | $3,155 | 15.2% |
| Vermont | 303 | 46 | 15.1% | 28 | 9.2% | 74 | 24.3% | 0.2% | $154,889 | $2,107 | 9.1% |
| Virginia | 4,074 | 603 | 14.8% | 332 | 8.2% | 936 | 23.0% | 2.9% | $2,506,232 | $2,679 | 11.4% |
| Washington | 3,441 | 3 | 0.1% | 381 | 11.1% | 384 | 11.2% | 1.2% | $265,352 | $691 | 2.8% |
| West Virginia | 715 | 189 | 26.4% | 62 | 8.6% | 250 | 35.0% | 0.8% | $1,003,098 | $4,006 | 17.9% |
| Wisconsin | 2,854 | 586 | 20.5% | 257 | 9.0% | 843 | 29.5% | 2.6% | $2,960,664 | $3,511 | 16.8% |
| Wyoming | 275 | 63 | 22.9% | 25 | 9.0% | 88 | 31.9% | 0.3% | $356,967 | $4,070 | 18.0% |
Notes: Values reflect the result of the proposed change in the federal minimum wage. Wage changes resulting from scheduled state and local minimum wage laws are accounted for by EPI’s Minimum Wage Simulation Model. Totals may not sum due to rounding. Shares calculated from unrounded values. Directly affected workers would see their wages rise as the new minimum wage rate will exceed their current hourly pay. Indirectly affected workers have a wage rate just above the new minimum wage (between the new minimum wage and 115% of the new minimum). They would receive a raise as employer pay scales are adjusted upward to reflect the new minimum wage. Values marked “*” cannot be displayed because of sample size restrictions or because the affected number of workers is less than 1,500.
Source: Economic Policy Institute Wage Simulation Model; see Technical Methodology by Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer (2019).