State policy differences yield large variations in unionization rates by state: Union density for all workers by state, 2021–2024 average
| State | Union density |
|---|---|
| Alabama | 7.9% |
| Alaska | 17.3% |
| Arizona | 5.6% |
| Arkansas | 5.1% |
| California | 17.1% |
| Colorado | 7.9% |
| Connecticut | 16.6% |
| Delaware | 9.7% |
| Florida | 6.0% |
| Georgia | 5.3% |
| Hawaii | 25.1% |
| Idaho | 5.7% |
| Illinois | 14.3% |
| Indiana | 9.6% |
| Iowa | 8.5% |
| Kansas | 10.5% |
| Kentucky | 10.6% |
| Louisiana | 5.3% |
| Maine | 13.1% |
| Maryland | 12.9% |
| Massachusetts | 14.1% |
| Michigan | 14.9% |
| Minnesota | 15.3% |
| Mississippi | 8.0% |
| Missouri | 10.1% |
| Montana | 12.8% |
| Nebraska | 8.4% |
| Nevada | 13.7% |
| New Hampshire | 11.0% |
| New Jersey | 17.1% |
| New Mexico | 9.4% |
| New York | 22.4% |
| North Carolina | 3.4% |
| North Dakota | 7.1% |
| Ohio | 13.5% |
| Oklahoma | 7.0% |
| Oregon | 17.0% |
| Pennsylvania | 13.5% |
| Rhode Island | 16.0% |
| South Carolina | 2.8% |
| South Dakota | 4.3% |
| Tennessee | 6.1% |
| Texas | 5.2% |
| Utah | 7.9% |
| Vermont | 14.7% |
| Virginia | 5.6% |
| Washington | 18.8% |
| Washington D.C. | 10.6% |
| West Virginia | 10.1% |
| Wisconsin | 8.2% |
| Wyoming | 6.9% |
Notes: Data refer to workers ages 16+. Self-employed and self-incorporated workers are excluded. Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are represented by a union, including union members and other workers who are covered by a union contract, based on the variable “union” from EPI extracts of CPS-ORG microdata. We average union density data across 2021 to 2024 for each state to give a more accurate estimate of states’ typical unionization rates in recent years.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2024. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.60, https://microdata.epi.org, 2021–2024 data.