The effect of social class compositional changes on test score changes, U.S. and comparison countries, PISA 2000–2009
Canada | Finland | Korea | France | Germany | U.K. | U.S. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reading | ||||||||
a | 2000 PISA average reading score | 534 | 546 | 525 | 505 | 484 | 523 | 504 |
b | 2000 social class weighted average reading score (average of 2000 social class group reading scores, weighted by 2000 social class relative size) | 532 | 544 | 522 | 505 | 478 | 522 | 504 |
c | Difference (a-b), see note | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
d | 2009 PISA average reading score | 524 | 536 | 539 | 496 | 497 | 494 | 500 |
e | 2009 average reading score, weighted by 2000 social class distribution (average of 2009 social class group reading scores, weighted by 2000 social class relative size) | 532 | 533 | 535 | 504 | 505 | 506 | 512 |
f | Change attributable to social class composition change: | |||||||
Difference, d-e, 2009 average reading score vs. 2009 average reading score with 2000 social class weights | -7 | 3 | 4 | -8 | -8 | -12 | -12 | |
g | Change attributable to educational improvement (or deterioration) or to other factors: | |||||||
Change in average reading scores, 2000-2009, standardized for 2000 social class composition (e-b) | -1 | -11 | 13 | -1 | 28 | -16 | 8 | |
h | Reported change (sum of social class and educational improvement/other factors): | |||||||
Change in reported average reading scores, (adjusted reported) 2000- (reported) 2009 (d-b) | -8 | -8 | 17 | -9 | 20 | -28 | -4 | |
Math | ||||||||
k | 2000 PISA average math score | 533 | 536 | 547 | 517 | 490 | 529 | 493 |
l | 2000 social class weighted average math score (average of 2000 social class group math scores, weighted by 2000 social class relative size) | 532 | 535 | 544 | 518 | 483 | 529 | 493 |
m | Difference (k-l), see note | 1 | 1 | 3 | -1 | 6 | 1 | 0 |
n | 2009 PISA average math score | 527 | 541 | 546 | 497 | 513 | 492 | 487 |
o | 2009 average math score, weighted by 2000 social class distribution (average of 2009 social class group math scores, weighted by 2000 social class relative size) | 533 | 538 | 541 | 504 | 521 | 503 | 498 |
p | Change attributable to social class composition change: | |||||||
Difference, n-o, 2009 average math score vs. 2009 average math score with 2000 social class weights | -7 | 3 | 6 | -7 | -8 | -10 | -11 | |
q | Change attributable to educational improvement (or deterioration) or to other factors: | |||||||
Change in average math scores, 2000-2009, standardized for 2000 social class composition (o-l) | 2 | 2 | -3 | -14 | 37 | -26 | 5 | |
r | Reported change (sum of social class and educational improvement/other factors): | |||||||
Change in reported average math scores, (adjusted reported) 2000- (reported) 2009 (n-l) | -5 | 5 | 2 | -21 | 29 | -36 | -6 |
Note: The differences in rows (c) and (i) could be the result of some test takers not answering the books-in-the-home (BH) question, or of imprecision in our estimation of relative BH weights for 2000.
Source: Data for rows a and d come from tables 9A and 10A; for rows k and n from tables 11A and 12A; and for rows b, e, l, and o from authors' analysis of OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000 and 2009 databases, weighting test scores in each social class category by 2000 percentage in each social class category.