How fourth-graders perform on math and reading tests relative to their peers, by race/ethnicity, gender, and poverty level, 2003, 2007, and 2013
| Math Model II | Reading Model II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without state fixed effects | ||||||
| Variable | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 |
| Female student | -0.126*** | -0.105*** | -0.083*** | 0.161*** | 0.134*** | 0.100*** |
| (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.006) | (0.007) | |
| Student race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Black | -0.577*** | -0.575*** | -0.499*** | -0.427*** | -0.412*** | -0.348*** |
| (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.012) | (0.012) | |
| Hispanic ELL | -0.710*** | -0.817*** | -0.733*** | -0.764*** | -0.890*** | -0.875*** |
| (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.023) | (0.025) | (0.017) | (0.024) | |
| Hispanic non-ELL | -0.205*** | -0.206*** | -0.165*** | -0.192*** | -0.130*** | -0.123*** |
| (0.020) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.019) | (0.013) | (0.015) | |
| Asian ELL | -0.255*** | -0.351*** | -0.438*** | -0.543*** | -0.509*** | -0.686*** |
| (0.065) | (0.043) | (0.058) | (0.067) | (0.035) | (0.049) | |
| Asian non-ELL | 0.265*** | 0.295*** | 0.413*** | 0.092*** | 0.162*** | 0.236*** |
| (0.037) | (0.025) | (0.031) | (0.027) | (0.024) | (0.024) | |
| Native American or other | -0.230*** | -0.230*** | -0.191*** | -0.249*** | -0.197*** | -0.173*** |
| (0.023) | (0.018) | (0.017) | (0.027) | (0.018) | (0.020) | |
| Student poverty level | ||||||
| Eligible for reduced-price lunch | -0.198*** | -0.159*** | -0.212*** | -0.220*** | -0.198*** | -0.177*** |
| (0.012) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.019) | |
| Eligible for free lunch | -0.350*** | -0.322*** | -0.371*** | -0.335*** | -0.339*** | -0.345*** |
| (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.013) | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.010) | |
| Control variables | ||||||
| 1. Individual education plan (special education student) | ||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 2. Percent of students in school who are black or Hispanic, and percent who are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch | ||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.316 | 0.299 | 0.321 | 0.297 | 0.291 | 0.348 |
| With state fixed effects | ||||||
| Variable | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 |
| Female student | -0.126*** | -0.105*** | -0.084*** | 0.162*** | 0.133*** | 0.099*** |
| (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.006) | (0.007) | |
| Student race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Black | -0.560*** | -0.568*** | -0.510*** | -0.429*** | -0.413*** | -0.363*** |
| (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.012) | (0.013) | |
| Hispanic ELL | -0.672*** | -0.754*** | -0.720*** | -0.690*** | -0.835*** | -0.848*** |
| (0.024) | (0.021) | (0.022) | (0.026) | (0.018) | (0.023) | |
| Hispanic non-ELL | -0.208*** | -0.200*** | -0.144*** | -0.177*** | -0.123*** | -0.104*** |
| (0.019) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.013) | (0.015) | |
| Asian ELL | -0.219*** | -0.278*** | -0.405*** | -0.476*** | -0.454*** | -0.645*** |
| (0.065) | (0.043) | (0.058) | (0.068) | (0.037) | (0.051) | |
| Asian non-ELL | 0.319*** | 0.354*** | 0.457*** | 0.139*** | 0.200*** | 0.256*** |
| (0.037) | (0.025) | (0.033) | (0.029) | (0.025) | (0.023) | |
| Native American or other | -0.205*** | -0.214*** | -0.188*** | -0.231*** | -0.183*** | -0.148*** |
| (0.024) | (0.019) | (0.018) | (0.026) | (0.018) | (0.020) | |
| Student poverty level | ||||||
| Eligible for reduced-price lunch | -0.190*** | -0.168*** | -0.203*** | -0.218*** | -0.201*** | -0.184*** |
| (0.012) | (0.014) | (0.017) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.018) | |
| Eligible for free lunch | -0.345*** | -0.319*** | -0.367*** | -0.340*** | -0.337*** | -0.343*** |
| (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
| Control variables | ||||||
| 1. Individual education plan (special education student) | ||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 2. Percent of students in school who are black or Hispanic, and percent who are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch | ||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.334 | 0.320 | 0.340 | 0.307 | 0.301 | 0.361 |
| N | 163,236 | 164,164 | 153,870 | 159,784 | 158,421 | 157,145 |
Note: The table shows regression estimates measured in standard deviations—how female students scored relative to male peers, how students in different minority groups scored relative to white peers, and how students who were eligible for reduced-price lunch or free lunch scored relative to students who were not eligible. *** p<0.01
Source: EPI analysis of National Assessment of Educational Progress microdata, 2003, 2007, and 2013