How eighth-graders perform on math tests relative to their peers, by socioeconomic status (SES), 2003, 2007, and 2013.
| Model I | Model II | Model III | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without state fixed effects | |||||||||
| Variable | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 |
| Student SES | |||||||||
| Eligible for reduced-price lunch | -0.260*** | -0.264*** | -0.296*** | -0.203*** | -0.198*** | -0.228*** | -0.145*** | -0.137*** | -0.170*** |
| (0.013) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.013) | (0.016) | (0.018) | (0.013) | (0.016) | (0.018) | |
| Eligible for free lunch | -0.460*** | -0.421*** | -0.468*** | -0.374*** | -0.325*** | -0.365*** | -0.264*** | -0.224*** | -0.271*** |
| (0.013) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.013) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.014) | (0.009) | (0.012) | |
| Parents have some college education | – | – | – | 0.266*** | 0.261*** | 0.248*** | 0.254*** | 0.248*** | 0.234*** |
| – | – | – | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.014) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.014) | |
| Parents have completed college | – | – | – | 0.363*** | 0.371*** | 0.352*** | 0.331*** | 0.332*** | 0.307*** |
| – | – | – | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.010) | |
| Control variables | |||||||||
| 1. Gender and individual education plan (special education student) | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 2. Individual race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 3. Percent of students in school who are black or Hispanic, and percent who are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch | |||||||||
| No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.317 | 0.278 | 0.312 | 0.343 | 0.304 | 0.333 | 0.356 | 0.320 | 0.349 |
| With state fixed effects | |||||||||
| Variable | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 |
| Student SES | |||||||||
| Eligible for reduced-price lunch | -0.246*** | -0.250*** | -0.271*** | -0.192*** | -0.187*** | -0.207*** | -0.143*** | -0.139*** | -0.159*** |
| (0.013) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.013) | (0.016) | (0.018) | (0.013) | (0.016) | (0.018) | |
| Eligible for free lunch | -0.445*** | -0.399*** | -0.442*** | -0.362*** | -0.308*** | -0.344*** | -0.263*** | -0.223*** | -0.265*** |
| (0.013) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.013) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.013) | (0.009) | (0.012) | |
| Parents have some college education | – | – | – | 0.267*** | 0.261*** | 0.246*** | 0.257*** | 0.249*** | 0.234*** |
| – | – | – | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.014) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.013) | |
| Parents have completed college | – | – | – | 0.354*** | 0.359*** | 0.343*** | 0.327*** | 0.327*** | 0.304*** |
| – | – | – | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.010) | |
| Control variables | |||||||||
| 1. Gender and individual education plan (special education student) | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 2. Individual race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 3. Percent of students in school who are black or Hispanic, and percent who are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch | |||||||||
| No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.334 | 0.302 | 0.336 | 0.358 | 0.326 | 0.356 | 0.369 | 0.338 | 0.368 |
| N | 112,542 | 109,020 | 118,984 | 112,542 | 109,020 | 118,984 | 112,542 | 109,020 | 118,984 |
Note: The table shows regression estimates measured in standard deviations—how students who are eligible for reduced-price lunch or free lunch scored relative to peers who are not eligible and how students whose parents have some college or who have completed college scored relative to peers whose parents have no college experience. *** p<0.01
Source: EPI analysis of National Assessment of Educational Progress microdata, 2003, 2007, and 2013