How eighth-graders perform on math tests relative to their peers, by race/ethnicity and gender, 2003, 2007, and 2013
| Model I | Model II | Model III | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without state fixed effects | |||||||||
| Variable | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 |
| Female student | -0.090*** | -0.081*** | -0.067*** | -0.091*** | -0.083*** | -0.070*** | -0.092*** | -0.083*** | -0.070*** |
| (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
| Student race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Black | -0.712*** | -0.634*** | -0.580*** | -0.624*** | -0.576*** | -0.537*** | -0.572*** | -0.501*** | -0.451*** |
| (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.018) | (0.015) | (0.029) | (0.027) | (0.035) | |
| Hispanic ELL | -1.032*** | -1.008*** | -1.016*** | -0.924*** | -0.952*** | -0.968*** | -1.125*** | -0.952*** | -0.816*** |
| (0.041) | (0.029) | (0.032) | (0.042) | (0.030) | (0.029) | (0.110) | (0.094) | (0.100) | |
| Hispanic non-ELL | -0.302*** | -0.243*** | -0.185*** | -0.222*** | -0.203*** | -0.161*** | -0.391*** | -0.364*** | -0.236*** |
| (0.015) | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.036) | (0.034) | (0.030) | |
| Asian ELL | -0.588*** | -0.402*** | -0.523*** | -0.523*** | -0.385*** | -0.500*** | -0.510*** | -0.147 | -0.184 |
| (0.084) | (0.078) | (0.103) | (0.085) | (0.068) | (0.099) | (0.127) | (0.127) | (0.212) | |
| Asian non-ELL | 0.168*** | 0.274*** | 0.466*** | 0.175*** | 0.268*** | 0.435*** | 0.278*** | 0.289*** | 0.555*** |
| (0.033) | (0.024) | (0.029) | (0.032) | (0.024) | (0.028) | (0.066) | (0.042) | (0.047) | |
| Native American or other | -0.310*** | -0.293*** | -0.184*** | -0.258*** | -0.228*** | -0.152*** | -0.118* | -0.017 | 0.024 |
| (0.051) | (0.027) | (0.019) | (0.042) | (0.025) | (0.020) | (0.065) | (0.065) | (0.042) | |
| Control variables | |||||||||
| 1. Individual education plan (special education student) | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 2. Individual socioeconomic status (parents’ education and whether student is eligible for free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL)) | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 3. Percent of students in school who are black or Hispanic, and percent who are FRPL-eligible | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| 4. Interaction between individual FRPL-eligibility and percent of students in school who are FRPL-eligible; Interaction between individual race and percent of students in the school who are black/Hispanic and FRPL-eligible | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.343 | 0.304 | 0.333 | 0.356 | 0.320 | 0.349 | 0.359 | 0.324 | 0.351 |
| With state fixed effects | |||||||||
| Variable | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 | 2003 | 2007 | 2013 |
| Female student | -0.092*** | -0.081*** | -0.068*** | -0.092*** | -0.083*** | -0.071*** | -0.092*** | -0.083*** | -0.071*** |
| (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.008) | |
| Student race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Black | -0.712*** | -0.645*** | -0.595*** | -0.611*** | -0.562*** | -0.539*** | -0.572*** | -0.528*** | -0.460*** |
| (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.019) | (0.014) | (0.028) | (0.028) | (0.034) | |
| Hispanic ELL | -0.984*** | -0.985*** | -1.027*** | -0.864*** | -0.897*** | -0.956*** | -1.099*** | -0.914*** | -0.827*** |
| (0.040) | (0.030) | (0.031) | (0.042) | (0.030) | (0.028) | (0.115) | (0.092) | (0.098) | |
| Hispanic non-ELL | -0.312*** | -0.277*** | -0.202*** | -0.223*** | -0.208*** | -0.157*** | -0.355*** | -0.348*** | -0.217*** |
| (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.037) | (0.032) | (0.031) | |
| Asian ELL | -0.524*** | -0.340*** | -0.510*** | -0.457*** | -0.310*** | -0.473*** | -0.429*** | -0.091 | -0.128 |
| (0.081) | (0.075) | (0.106) | (0.082) | (0.067) | (0.101) | (0.127) | (0.128) | (0.227) | |
| Asian non-ELL | 0.238*** | 0.322*** | 0.479*** | 0.248*** | 0.328*** | 0.465*** | 0.361*** | 0.356*** | 0.578*** |
| (0.036) | (0.025) | (0.029) | (0.034) | (0.025) | (0.029) | (0.072) | (0.041) | (0.044) | |
| Native American or other | -0.271*** | -0.256*** | -0.170*** | -0.236*** | -0.204*** | -0.144*** | -0.073 | 0.009 | 0.033 |
| (0.051) | (0.025) | (0.020) | (0.044) | (0.024) | (0.020) | (0.063) | (0.063) | (0.041) | |
| Control variables | |||||||||
| 1. Individual education plan (special education student) | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 2. Individual socioeconomic status (parents’ education and whether student is eligible for free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL)) | |||||||||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 3. Percent of students in school who are black or Hispanic, and percent who are FRPL-eligible | |||||||||
| No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 4. Interaction between individual FRPL-eligibility and percent of students in school who are FRPL-eligible; Interaction between individual race and percent of students in the school who are black/Hispanic and FRPL-eligible | |||||||||
| No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.358 | 0.326 | 0.356 | 0.369 | 0.336 | 0.368 | 0.372 | 0.341 | 0.370 |
| N | 112,542 | 109,020 | 118,984 | 112,542 | 109,020 | 118,984 | 112,542 | 109,020 | 118,984 |
Notes: The table shows regression estimates measured in standard deviations—how female students scored relative to male peers and how students in different minority groups scored relative to white peers. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Source: EPI analysis of National Assessment of Educational Progress microdata, 2003, 2007, and 2013