Equity consequences of market segmentation
| Number of schools | Enrollment | Difference from citywide spending on school staff* | Difference from citywide share of students who are:** | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Standard deviation | Special education | English language learner | Receiving free lunch | ||||
| Philadelphia | ||||||||
| District | 247 | 149,422 | $123 | $999 | 0.2% | 0.8% | 4.7% | |
| For-profit charter school | 11 | 5,663 | -$42 | $1,486 | -1.0% | -3.4% | -18.0% | |
| Nonprofit charter school | 62 | 34,381 | -$469 | $1,526 | -0.6% | -2.5% | -15.0% | |
| Washington, D.C. | ||||||||
| District | 115 | 42,266 | -$130 | $1,175 | 0.9% | -1.2% | -5.0% | |
| For-profit charter school | 6 | 2,135 | -$492 | $1,155 | -4.1% | -7.8% | 17.1% | |
| Nonprofit charter school | 69 | 20,155 | $266 | $2,497 | -1.2% | 2.8% | 6.9% | |
| Detroit | ||||||||
| District | 118 | 67,925 | -$287 | $1,132 | 2.1% | 0.8% | -0.8% | |
| For-profit charter school | 30 | 11,438 | $888 | $2,192 | -3.6% | 3.6% | 5.2% | |
| Nonprofit charter school | 23 | 10,482 | $48 | $1,751 | -3.8% | -7.5% | -3.2% | |
| Columbus, Ohio | ||||||||
| District | 147 | 68,297 | $202 | $1,024 | 0.8% | -0.4% | 0.0% | |
| For-profit charter school | 16 | 5,991 | -$1,725 | $1,099 | -1.7% | 1.8% | -2.1% | |
| Nonprofit charter school | 34 | 15,123 | -$200 | $2,551 | -2.5% | 1.1% | 0.8% | |
| Dayton, Ohio | ||||||||
| District | 59 | 25,921 | $155 | $1,541 | 0.9% | -0.3% | 0.2% | |
| For-profit charter school | 4 | 1,544 | -$1,875 | $1,444 | 5.5% | -2.4% | 23.6% | |
| Nonprofit charter school | 12 | 2,263 | $76 | $806 | -6.2% | 2.3% | -9.5% | |
| Cleveland | ||||||||
| District | 98 | 46,606 | $500 | $1,800 | 2.5% | 0.5% | -20.2% | |
| For-profit charter school | 18 | 5,686 | -$681 | $797 | -5.4% | -0.6% | 39.2% | |
| Nonprofit charter school | 24 | 5,285 | -$823 | $1,514 | -6.0% | -1.4% | 24.7% | |
| Kansas City, Mo. (city boundaries) | ||||||||
| District | 100 | 53,569 | -$171 | $1,097 | 0.8% | -1.1% | -7.4% | |
| For-profit charter school | 3 | 1,352 | -$604 | $916 | -5.3% | -1.5% | 37.2% | |
| Nonprofit charter school | 17 | 5,459 | $961 | $3,367 | -3.4% | 6.7% | 30.5% | |
| Newark, N.J. | ||||||||
| District | 66 | 33,376 | $135 | $1,694 | 1.7% | 1.2% | 1.8% | |
| Nonprofit charter school | 12 | 5,676 | -$628 | $1,424 | -7.7% | -5.4% | -8.6% | |
* Based on regression analysis of total salaries per pupil as a function of percent special education, percent receiving free lunch, percent English language learner, percent grades 6 to 8, and percent grades 9 to 12.
** Based on regression analysis of demographic measure as a function of percent grades 6 to 8 and percent grades 9 to 12.
Source: National Center for Education Statistics' Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey Data and U.S. Department of Education Title I Part A State Data Collection, linked to charter classifications from Gary Miron and Charisse Gulosino (2013)