Share of workers affected by minimum wage increase and wage impacts by select demographic characteristics
| Group | Wage-earning workforce | Group’s share of workforce | Count directly affected | Total affected directly or indirectly | Share affected directly or indirectly | Share of affected workers | Total change in annual wagebill | Average change in annual wages (full-time worker) | Average change in hourly wages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All workers | 319,000 | 100.0% | 16,000 | 30,800 | 9.7% | 100.0% | $51,141,000 | $1,659 | $1.02 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Men | 171,700 | 53.8% | 7,300 | 13,800 | 8.1% | 44.9% | $22,746,000 | $1,643 | $0.99 |
| Women | 147,400 | 46.2% | 8,700 | 17,000 | 11.5% | 55.1% | $28,395,000 | $1,672 | $1.04 |
| Teenager category | |||||||||
| Teenager | 11,300 | 3.6% | 4,900 | 6,700 | 58.7% | 21.6% | $12,652,000 | $1,900 | $1.43 |
| Age 20 or older | 307,700 | 96.4% | 11,100 | 24,200 | 7.9% | 78.4% | $38,489,000 | $1,593 | $0.90 |
| Age category | |||||||||
| Age 16 to 24 | 42,500 | 13.3% | 10,500 | 16,500 | 38.9% | 53.6% | $30,263,000 | $1,833 | $1.19 |
| Age 25 to 39 | 114,200 | 35.8% | 4,000 | 9,700 | 8.5% | 31.3% | $14,965,000 | $1,550 | $0.85 |
| Age 40 to 54 | 93,200 | 29.2% | 700 | 2,200 | 2.4% | 7.3% | $2,621,000 | $1,167 | $0.72 |
| Age 55 or older | 69,200 | 21.7% | 800 | 2,400 | 3.5% | 7.8% | $3,291,000 | $1,364 | $0.72 |
| Race / ethnicity | |||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 201,300 | 63.1% | 6,600 | 14,100 | 7.0% | 45.6% | $22,834,000 | $1,624 | $1.03 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 11,400 | 3.6% | – | 1,700 | 15.2% | 5.6% | – | – | – |
| Hispanic, any race | 23,800 | 7.4% | 1,800 | 4,100 | 17.3% | 13.3% | – | – | – |
| AAPI | 29,200 | 9.2% | 2,100 | 3,900 | 13.5% | 12.8% | $6,385,000 | $1,621 | $0.87 |
| AIAN and multiracial | 53,400 | 16.7% | 4,600 | 7,000 | 13.1% | 22.7% | $12,596,000 | $1,800 | $1.13 |
| Person of color | |||||||||
| Not person of color | 201,300 | 63.1% | 6,600 | 14,100 | 7.0% | 45.6% | $22,834,000 | $1,624 | $1.03 |
| Person of color | 117,800 | 36.9% | 9,400 | 16,800 | 14.2% | 54.4% | $28,307,000 | $1,688 | $1.01 |
| Family status | |||||||||
| Married parent | 76,600 | 24.0% | 1,300 | 2,700 | 3.6% | 8.8% | $3,576,000 | $1,312 | $0.87 |
| Single parent | 28,600 | 9.0% | 1,200 | 3,200 | 11.0% | 10.3% | $5,423,000 | $1,715 | $0.94 |
| Married, no children | 84,900 | 26.6% | 1,100 | 2,800 | 3.3% | 9.0% | $3,593,000 | $1,300 | $0.80 |
| Unmarried, no children | 128,900 | 40.4% | 12,500 | 22,200 | 17.2% | 71.9% | $38,550,000 | $1,738 | $1.07 |
| Usual weekly work hours category | |||||||||
| Part time (<20 hours per week) | 15,000 | 4.7% | 2,500 | 4,100 | 27.1% | 13.2% | $3,199,000 | $787 | $1.17 |
| Mid time (20-34 hours) | 46,200 | 14.5% | 7,700 | 12,800 | 27.8% | 41.6% | $19,891,000 | $1,550 | $1.14 |
| Full time (35+ hours) | 257,800 | 80.8% | 5,800 | 13,900 | 5.4% | 45.2% | $28,051,000 | $2,015 | $0.86 |
| Educational attainment | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 20,200 | 6.3% | 5,300 | 7,200 | 35.5% | 23.3% | $14,384,000 | $2,002 | $1.32 |
| High school | 86,400 | 27.1% | 5,900 | 11,900 | 13.7% | 38.5% | $20,534,000 | $1,728 | $0.99 |
| Some college, no degree | 91,200 | 28.6% | 3,700 | 8,900 | 9.8% | 28.9% | $11,667,000 | $1,310 | $0.80 |
| Associate degree | 27,300 | 8.6% | – | 1,800 | 6.7% | 5.9% | – | – | – |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 93,900 | 29.4% | – | 1,000 | 1.1% | 3.4% | – | – | – |
| Major industry | |||||||||
| Agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining | 15,100 | 4.7% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Construction | 20,100 | 6.3% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Manufacturing | 14,200 | 4.5% | 800 | 1,400 | 9.8% | 4.5% | $3,216,000 | $2,297 | $0.80 |
| Wholesale trade | 6,900 | 2.2% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Retail trade | 35,000 | 11.0% | 4,300 | 6,900 | 19.7% | 22.3% | $12,583,000 | $1,828 | $1.09 |
| Transportation, warehousing, utilities | 27,000 | 8.5% | – | 1,000 | 3.7% | 3.3% | – | – | – |
| Information | 7,100 | 2.2% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Finance, insurance, real estate | 9,400 | 3.0% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Professional, science, management services | 15,900 | 5.0% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Administrative, support, waste services | 7,700 | 2.4% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Educational services | 31,300 | 9.8% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Healthcare, social assistance | 47,400 | 14.8% | 1,700 | 3,200 | 6.8% | 10.4% | $4,239,000 | $1,324 | $0.82 |
| Arts, entertainment, recreational services | 5,000 | 1.6% | 800 | 1,600 | 31.4% | 5.1% | – | – | – |
| Accommodation | 4,900 | 1.5% | 800 | 1,500 | 30.5% | 4.8% | – | – | – |
| Restaurants | 18,100 | 5.7% | 5,000 | 11,200 | 61.9% | 36.4% | $19,326,000 | $1,724 | $1.14 |
| Other services | 12,200 | 3.8% | 700 | 1,600 | 13.3% | 5.3% | – | – | – |
| Public administration | 41,600 | 13.0% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sector | |||||||||
| For profit | 196,100 | 61.5% | 14,800 | 28,300 | 14.4% | 91.7% | $47,935,000 | $1,695 | $1.03 |
| Nonprofit | 34,700 | 10.9% | 1,200 | 2,500 | 7.3% | 8.3% | $3,206,000 | $1,258 | $0.82 |
| Government | 88,200 | 27.7% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Family income category | |||||||||
| Less than $25,000 | 27,200 | 8.5% | 3,900 | 8,800 | 32.4% | 28.5% | $12,924,000 | $1,469 | $0.85 |
| $25,000– $49,999 | 47,200 | 14.8% | 2,900 | 5,900 | 12.4% | 19.0% | $9,338,000 | $1,593 | $1.07 |
| $50,000– $74,999 | 53,900 | 16.9% | 2,400 | 4,300 | 8.1% | 14.1% | $8,289,000 | $1,910 | $1.12 |
| $75,000– $99,999 | 39,000 | 12.2% | 1,500 | 2,700 | 6.8% | 8.7% | $3,765,000 | $1,411 | $1.01 |
| $100,000– $149,999 | 69,000 | 21.6% | 2,800 | 4,800 | 7.0% | 15.7% | $8,816,000 | $1,825 | $1.18 |
| $150,000 or more | 71,500 | 22.4% | 1,800 | 3,300 | 4.6% | 10.7% | $5,273,000 | $1,594 | $1.01 |
| NA | 11,300 | 3.5% | 600 | 1,000 | 9.1% | 3.3% | $2,736,000 | $2,681 | $0.86 |
| Tipped occupations | |||||||||
| Not tipped | 313,600 | 98.3% | 15,400 | 25,600 | 8.1% | 82.9% | $40,304,000 | $1,577 | $0.97 |
| Tipped worker | 5,400 | 1.7% | 600 | 5,300 | 96.9% | 17.1% | $10,837,000 | $2,056 | $1.22 |
| Family income-to-poverty status | |||||||||
| In Poverty | 16,300 | 5.1% | 4,100 | 6,600 | 40.2% | 21.3% | $11,603,000 | $1,766 | $1.03 |
| 100–199% poverty | 36,600 | 11.5% | 3,700 | 8,100 | 22.0% | 26.1% | $11,889,000 | $1,476 | $0.88 |
| 200–399% poverty | 88,100 | 27.6% | 4,300 | 8,400 | 9.6% | 27.4% | $14,728,000 | $1,744 | $1.09 |
| 400%+ poverty | 178,000 | 55.8% | 3,800 | 7,800 | 4.4% | 25.2% | $12,921,000 | $1,666 | $1.06 |
| Children in households impacted by minimum wage increase | Number of children | Number of children in households directly impacted by increase | Number of children in households indirectly impacted by increase | Total number of children in households affected by increase | Share of children in households affected by increase | ||||
| 184,500 | 14,700 | 9,900 | 23,600 | 12.8% |
Notes: Estimated effect of minimum wage increases through 2027. All values in 2023 dollars. Some results omitted due to low sample size (-). Government workers and agriculture, fishing, and mining workers are exempted from Alaska minimum wage (NA). AAPI stands for Asian American and Pacific Islander. AIAN stands for American Indian and Alaska Native. Some totals might not add up precisely due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute Minimum Wage Simulation Model; 2015–2019 5-year ACS data pinned to 2023 CPS wage distribution. Employment scaled to match 2023 CPS labor force size. For more details see Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer 2019.