More people have 401(k)s, but participation in traditional pensions is more equal: Retirement plan participation of families age 32–61 by family income, race and ethnicity, education, gender, and marital status, 2013
| Characteristic | Defined-benefit plan | Defined-contribution plan |
|---|---|---|
| All | 21% | 43% |
| 1st (bottom) quintile | 6% | 4% |
| 2nd (lower-middle) quintile | 12% | 21% |
| 3rd (middle) quintile | 19% | 38% |
| 4th (upper-middle) quintile | 30% | 54% |
| 5th (top) quintile | 27% | 68% |
| Hispanic | 9% | 20% |
| Black | 20% | 32% |
| White non-Hispanic | 24% | 49% |
| No high school diploma/GED | 6% | 15% |
| High school diploma/GED | 21% | 34% |
| Some college | 22% | 39% |
| College degree or more | 24% | 57% |
| Single female | 12% | 32% |
| Single male | 16% | 26% |
| Married or living with partner | 25% | 50% |
Note: "College degree" includes associate degrees.
Source: EPI analysis of Survey of Consumer Finance data, 2013.