Teacher weekly wage penalty, 95% confidence interval, sample size by state, pooled data from 2014–2018
| 95% confidence interval | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Estimated weekly wage penalty* | Standard error | t-statistic | Low | High | Sample size |
| All U.S. states | -19.8% | 0.004 | -49.5 | -20.5% | -19.1% | 155,572 |
| Alabama | -24.2% | 0.023 | -10.7 | -28.6% | -19.8% | 1,652 |
| Alaska | -10.4% | 0.029 | -3.6 | -16.0% | -4.8% | 1,732 |
| Arizona | -32.6% | 0.020 | -16.6 | -36.5% | -28.8% | 2,105 |
| Arkansas | -17.1% | 0.023 | -7.5 | -21.6% | -12.7% | 1,718 |
| California | -16.5% | 0.012 | -13.7 | -18.8% | -14.1% | 12,805 |
| Colorado | -30.7% | 0.022 | -13.8 | -35.0% | -26.3% | 2,956 |
| Connecticut | -13.6% | 0.025 | -5.5 | -18.4% | -8.7% | 2,297 |
| Delaware | -10.1% | 0.027 | -3.8 | -15.4% | -4.8% | 1,771 |
| District of Columbia | -25.2% | 0.026 | -9.7 | -30.2% | -20.1% | 7,472 |
| Florida | -19.7% | 0.017 | -11.2 | -23.1% | -16.2% | 5,116 |
| Georgia | -25.4% | 0.018 | -14.0 | -29.0% | -21.9% | 3,398 |
| Hawaii | -12.1% | 0.025 | -4.8 | -17.1% | -7.1% | 1,783 |
| Idaho | -20.3% | 0.026 | -7.9 | -25.4% | -15.3% | 1,956 |
| Illinois | -16.4% | 0.019 | -8.6 | -20.2% | -12.7% | 5,174 |
| Indiana | -20.6% | 0.023 | -8.9 | -25.1% | -16.1% | 2,283 |
| Iowa | -17.2% | 0.025 | -6.8 | -22.2% | -12.2% | 1,892 |
| Kansas | -21.2% | 0.030 | -7.1 | -27.0% | -15.4% | 2,324 |
| Kentucky | -23.6% | 0.025 | -9.3 | -28.6% | -18.7% | 1,813 |
| Louisiana | -22.0% | 0.023 | -9.7 | -26.4% | -17.6% | 2,171 |
| Maine | -22.6% | 0.027 | -8.4 | -27.9% | -17.3% | 1,590 |
| Maryland | -8.2% | 0.026 | -3.2 | -13.2% | -3.1% | 3,289 |
| Massachusetts | -18.3% | 0.026 | -7.1 | -23.3% | -13.3% | 3,958 |
| Michigan | -19.5% | 0.025 | -7.7 | -24.4% | -14.5% | 3,045 |
| Minnesota | -21.6% | 0.022 | -9.7 | -26.0% | -17.3% | 3,067 |
| Mississippi | -12.8% | 0.032 | -3.9 | -19.1% | -6.4% | 1,626 |
| Missouri | -26.5% | 0.020 | -13.1 | -30.5% | -22.6% | 2,293 |
| Montana | -14.0% | 0.024 | -5.7 | -18.8% | -9.2% | 2,545 |
| Nebraska | -18.2% | 0.020 | -9.1 | -22.2% | -14.3% | 2,382 |
| Nevada | -17.5% | 0.024 | -7.2 | -22.3% | -12.7% | 1,538 |
| New Hampshire | -19.6% | 0.022 | -8.8 | -23.9% | -15.2% | 2,868 |
| New Jersey | -3.8% | 0.029 | -1.3 | -9.4% | 1.9% | 3,851 |
| New Mexico | -24.9% | 0.023 | -10.9 | -29.3% | -20.4% | 1,826 |
| New York | -12.2% | 0.019 | -6.2 | -16.0% | -8.4% | 6,556 |
| North Carolina | -26.5% | 0.024 | -11.2 | -31.1% | -21.8% | 3,024 |
| North Dakota | -8.7% | 0.023 | -3.8 | -13.2% | -4.2% | 2,455 |
| Ohio | -16.5% | 0.018 | -9.1 | -20.0% | -13.0% | 4,059 |
| Oklahoma | -29.7% | 0.022 | -13.7 | -33.9% | -25.4% | 1,634 |
| Oregon | -23.1% | 0.026 | -9.0 | -28.1% | -18.0% | 2,447 |
| Pennsylvania | -13.5% | 0.021 | -6.5 | -17.5% | -9.4% | 4,635 |
| Rhode Island | -1.5% | 0.034 | -0.4 | -8.2% | 5.2% | 1,670 |
| South Carolina | -18.0% | 0.021 | -8.5 | -22.2% | -13.9% | 1,951 |
| South Dakota | -14.2% | 0.031 | -4.5 | -20.3% | -8.1% | 1,779 |
| Tennessee | -22.1% | 0.021 | -10.8 | -26.1% | -18.1% | 2,324 |
| Texas | -22.5% | 0.012 | -18.4 | -24.9% | -20.1% | 8,463 |
| Utah | -25.5% | 0.021 | -12.4 | -29.5% | -21.4% | 2,288 |
| Vermont | -10.1% | 0.024 | -4.2 | -14.8% | -5.4% | 2,374 |
| Virginia | -31.3% | 0.018 | -17.5 | -34.9% | -27.8% | 3,965 |
| Washington | -31.6% | 0.016 | -19.2 | -34.8% | -28.4% | 3,415 |
| West Virginia | -18.3% | 0.021 | -8.7 | -22.4% | -14.2% | 1,785 |
| Wisconsin | -17.7% | 0.019 | -9.2 | -21.5% | -13.9% | 2,735 |
| Wyoming | -0.2% | 0.027 | -0.1 | -5.4% | 5.0% | 1,717 |
Notes: State-specific teacher weekly wage penalties fit a linear regression of (log) weekly wage on a complete set of dummy variables for public school teacher interacted with state fixed effects. The state-specific weekly wage penalty is then the sum of the coefficient for being a public school teacher and the coefficient for the interaction with the particular state. To express the penalty in percentage points, we exponentiate the sum and subtract one. Regressions are weighted using CPS-ORG sample weights. BLS top-coded data are adjusted, by gender, assuming the distribution of weekly wages is Pareto. The regression model also includes a dummy for female; dummies for black, Hispanic, and other; age as a quartic; marital status; dummies for M.A., Ph.D., and professional degree; and state fixed effects. The model also controls separately for a complete set of interactions between the respondent’s state and whether the respondent is a private school teacher. The sample includes all wage and salary workers with a B.A. degree or higher, ages 18 to 64, who report working 35 or more hours a week, and who report hourly wages between $0.50 and $100 (in 1989 dollars).
Source: Authors’ analysis of pooled 2014–2018 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data